BC(1) User Commands BC(1)
NAME
bc - arbitrary precision arithmetic language
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/bc [
-c] [
-l] [
file]...
/usr/xpg6/bin/bc [
-c] [
-l] [
file]...
DESCRIPTION
The
bc utility implements an arbitrary precision calculator. It takes
input from any files given, then reads from the standard input. If the
standard input and standard output to
bc are attached to a terminal, the
invocation of
bc is
interactive, causing behavioral constraints
described in the following sections.
bc processes a language that
resembles C and is a preprocessor for the desk calculator program
dc,
which it invokes automatically unless the
-c option is specified. In this
case the
dc input is sent to the standard output instead.
USAGE
The syntax for
bc programs is as follows:
L Means a letter
a-
z,
E Means an expression: a (mathematical or logical) value, an operand
that takes a value, or a combination of operands and operators that
evaluates to a value,
S Means a statement.
Comments
Enclosed in
/* and
*/.
Names (Operands) Simple variables:
L.
Array elements:
L [
E ] (up to
BC_DIM_MAX dimensions).
The words
ibase,
obase (limited to
BC_BASE_MAX), and
scale (limited to
BC_SCALE_MAX).
Other Operands
Arbitrarily long numbers with optional sign and decimal point. Strings of
fewer than
BC_STRING_MAX characters, between double quotes (").
( E ) sqrt ( E ) Square root
length ( E ) Number of significant decimal digits.
scale ( E ) Number of digits right of decimal point.
L ( E , ... ,
E ) Operators
+ - * / % ^ (
% is remainder;
^ is power)
++ -- (prefix and postfix; apply to names)
== <= >= != < > = =+ =- =* =/ =% =^ Statements
E { S ;...
; S } if ( E ) S while ( E ) S for ( E ; E ; E ) S null statement
break quit .string
Function Definitions
define L ( L ,...
, L ) { auto L ,...
, L S ;...
S return ( E ) } Functions in -l Math Library
s(x) sine
c(x) cosine
e(x) exponential
l(x) log
a(x) arctangent
j(n,x) Bessel function
All function arguments are passed by value.
The value of a statement that is an expression is printed unless the main
operator is an assignment. Either semicolons or new-lines may separate
statements. Assignment to
scale influences the number of digits to be
retained on arithmetic operations in the manner of
dc. Assignments to
ibase or
obase set the input and output number radix respectively.
The same letter may be used as an array, a function, and a simple
variable simultaneously. All variables are global to the program.
auto variables are stacked during function calls. When using arrays as
function arguments or defining them as automatic variables, empty square
brackets must follow the array name.
OPTIONS
The following operands are supported:
-c Compiles only. The output is
dc commands that are sent to the
standard output.
/usr/bin/bc -l Defines the math functions and initializes
scale to
20, instead of
the default zero.
/usr/xpg6/bin/bc -l Defines the math functions and initializes
scale to
20, instead of
the default zero. All math results have the scale of
20.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
file A pathname of a text file containing
bc program statements. After
all cases of
file have been read,
bc reads the standard input.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Setting the precision of a variable
In the shell, the following assigns an approximation of the first ten
digits of
n to the variable
x:
x=$(printf "%s\n" 'scale = 10; 104348/33215' | bc) Example 2: Defining a computing function
Defines a function to compute an approximate value of the exponential
function:
scale = 20 define e(x){ auto a, b, c, i, s a = 1 b = 1 s = 1 for(i=1; 1==1; i++){ a = a*x b = b*i c = a/b if(c == 0) return(s) s = s+c } } Example 3: Printing the approximate values of the function
Prints approximate values of the exponential function of the first ten
integers:
for(i=1; i<=10; i++) e(i) or
for (i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) { e(i) }ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See
environ(7) for descriptions of the following environment variables
that affect the execution of
bc:
LANG,
LC_ALL,
LC_CTYPE,
LC_MESSAGES, and
NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 All input files were processed successfully.
unspecified An error occurred.
FILES
/usr/lib/lib.b mathematical library
/usr/include/limits.h to define BC_ parameters
ATTRIBUTES
See
attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
+--------------------+-----------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+--------------------+-----------------+
|Interface Stability | Standard |
+--------------------+-----------------+
SEE ALSO
awk(1),
dc(1),
attributes(7),
environ(7),
standards(7)NOTES
The
bc command does not recognize the logical operators
&& and
||.
The
for statement must have all three expressions (
E's).
August 29, 2003
BC(1)