WRITE(1) User Commands WRITE(1)
NAME
write - write to another user
SYNOPSIS
write user [
terminal]
DESCRIPTION
The
write utility reads lines from the user's standard input and writes
them to the terminal of another user. When first invoked, it writes the
message:
Message from
sender-login-id (
sending-terminal) [date]...
to
user. When it has successfully completed the connection, the sender's
terminal will be alerted twice to indicate that what the sender is typing
is being written to the recipient's terminal.
If the recipient wants to reply, this can be accomplished by typing
write
sender-login-id [
sending-terminal]
upon receipt of the initial message. Whenever a line of input as
delimited by a
NL,
EOF, or
EOL special character is accumulated while in
canonical input mode, the accumulated data will be written on the other
user's terminal. Characters are processed as follows:
o Typing the alert character will write the alert character to
the recipient's terminal.
o Typing the erase and kill characters will affect the sender's
terminal in the manner described by the
termios(3C) interface.
o Typing the interrupt or end-of-file characters will cause
write to write an appropriate message (EOT\n in the C locale)
to the recipient's terminal and exit.
o Typing characters from
LC_CTYPE classifications
print or
space will cause those characters to be sent to the recipient's
terminal.
o When and only when the
stty iexten local mode is enabled,
additional special control characters and multi-byte or
single-byte characters are processed as printable characters
if their wide character equivalents are printable.
o Typing other non-printable characters will cause them to be
written to the recipient's terminal as follows: control
characters will appear as a `
^' followed by the appropriate
ASCII character, and characters with the high-order bit set
will appear in "meta" notation. For example, `
\003' is
displayed as `
^C' and `
\372' as `
M-z'.
To write to a user who is logged in more than once, the
terminal argument
can be used to indicate which terminal to write to. Otherwise, the
recipient's terminal is the first writable instance of the user found in
/usr/adm/utmpx, and the following informational message will be written
to the sender's standard output, indicating which terminal was chosen:
user is logged on more than one place.
You are connected to
terminal.
Other locations are:
terminal Permission to be a recipient of a
write message can be denied or granted
by use of the
mesg utility. However, a user's privilege may further
constrain the domain of accessibility of other users' terminals. The
write utility will fail when the user lacks the appropriate privileges to
perform the requested action.
If the character
! is found at the beginning of a line,
write calls the
shell to execute the rest of the line as a command.
write runs
setgid() (see
setuid(2)) to the group
ID tty, in order to have
write permissions on other users' terminals.
The following protocol is suggested for using
write: when you first
write to another user, wait for them to
write back before starting to send.
Each person should end a message with a distinctive signal (that is,
(o) for
over) so that the other person knows when to reply. The signal
(oo) (for
over and out) is suggested when conversation is to be terminated.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
user User (login) name of the person to whom the message will be
written. This operand must be of the form returned by the
who(1) utility.
terminal Terminal identification in the same format provided by the
who utility.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See
environ(7) for descriptions of the following environment variables
that affect the execution of
write:
LANG,
LC_ALL,
LC_CTYPE,
LC_MESSAGES,
and
NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 The addressed user is not logged on or the addressed user denies
permission.
FILES
/var/adm/utmpx User and accounting information for
write /usr/bin/sh Bourne shell executable file
ATTRIBUTES
See
attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
+--------------------+-------------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+--------------------+-------------------+
|CSI | Enabled |
+--------------------+-------------------+
|Interface Stability | Committed |
+--------------------+-------------------+
|Standard | See
standards(7). |
+--------------------+-------------------+
SEE ALSO
mail(1),
mesg(1),
pr(1),
sh(1),
talk(1),
who(1),
setuid(2),
termios(3C),
attributes(7),
environ(7),
standards(7)DIAGNOSTICS
user is not logged on The person you are trying to
write to is not logged on.
Permission denied The person you are trying to
write to denies that permission (with
mesg).
Warning: cannot respond, set mesg-y Your terminal is set to
mesg n and the recipient cannot respond to
you.
Can no longer write to user The recipient has denied permission (
mesg n) after you had started
writing.
November 3, 2000
WRITE(1)