NEWFS(8) Maintenance Commands and Procedures NEWFS(8)
NAME
newfs - construct a UFS file system
SYNOPSIS
newfs [
-NSBTv] [
mkfs-options]
raw-deviceDESCRIPTION
newfs is a "friendly" front-end to the
mkfs(8) program for making
UFS file systems on disk partitions.
newfs calculates the appropriate
parameters to use and calls
mkfs.
If run interactively (that is, standard input is a tty),
newfs prompts
for confirmation before making the file system.
If the
-N option is not specified and the inodes of the device are not
randomized,
newfs calls
fsirand(8).
You must be super-user or have appropriate write privileges to use this
command, except when creating a
UFS file system on a
diskette. See
EXAMPLES.
Creating a Multiterabyte UFS File System
Keep the following limitations in mind when creating a multiterabyte UFS
file system:
o
nbpi is set to 1 Mbyte unless you specifically set it higher.
You cannot set
nbpi lower than 1 Mbyte on a multiterabyte UFS
file system.
o
fragsize is set equal to
bsize.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-N Print out the file system parameters that would be used to create the
file system without actually creating the file system.
fsirand(8) is
not called here.
-S Sends to stdout a human-readable version of the superblock that would
be used to create a filesystem with the specified configuration
parameters.
-B Sends to stdout a binary (machine-readable) version of the superblock
that would be used to create a filesystem with the specified
configuration parameters.
-T Set the parameters of the file system to allow eventual growth to
over a terabyte in total file system size. This option sets
fragsize to be the same as
bsize, and sets
nbpi to 1 Mbyte, unless the
-i option is used to make it even larger. If you use the
-f or
-i options to specify a
fragsize or
nbpi that is incompatible with this
option, the user-supplied value of
fragsize or
nbpi is ignored.
-v Verbose.
newfs prints out its actions, including the parameters
passed to
mkfs.
mkfs-options Options that override the default parameters are:
-a apc The number of alternate sectors per cylinder to reserve for bad
block replacement for SCSI devices only. The default is
0.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is
ignored.
-b bsize The logical block size of the file system in bytes, either 4096
or 8192. The default is
8192. The sun4u architecture does not
support the
4096 block size.
-c cgsize The number of cylinders per cylinder group, ranging from
16 to
256. The default is calculated by dividing the number of sectors
in the file system by the number of sectors in a gigabyte. Then,
the result is multiplied by
32. The default value is always
between
16 and
256.
mkfs can override this value. See
mkfs_ufs(8) for details.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is
ignored.
-C maxcontig The maximum number of logical blocks, belonging to one file, that
are allocated contiguously. The default is calculated as follows:
maxcontig = disk drive maximum transfer size / disk block size If the disk drive's maximum transfer size cannot be determined,
the default value for
maxcontig is calculated from kernel
parameters as follows:
If
maxphys is less than
ufs_maxmaxphys, which is typically 1
Mbyte, then
maxcontig is set to
maxphys. Otherwise,
maxcontig is
set to
ufs_maxmaxphys.
You can set
maxcontig to any positive integer value.
The actual value will be the lesser of what has been specified
and what the hardware supports.
You can subsequently change this parameter by using
tunefs(8).
-d gap Rotational delay. This option is obsolete in the Solaris 10
release. The value is always set to
0, regardless of the input
value.
-f fragsize The smallest amount of disk space in bytes that can be allocated
to a file.
fragsize must be a power of 2 divisor of
bsize,
where:
bsize /
fragsize is 1, 2, 4, or 8.
This means that if the logical block size is
4096, legal values
for
fragsize are
512,
1024,
2048, and
4096. When the logical
block size is
8192, legal values are
1024,
2048,
4096, and
8192.
The default value is
1024.
For file systems greater than 1 terabyte or for file systems
created with the
-T option,
fragsize is forced to match block
size (
bsize).
-i nbpi The number of bytes per inode, which specifies the density of
inodes in the file system. The number is divided into the total
size of the file system to determine the number of inodes to
create.
This value should reflect the expected average size of files in
the file system. If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number
should be used. To create more inodes, a smaller number should be
given. The default for
nbpi is as follows:
Disk size Density
Less than 1GB 2048
Less than 2GB 4096
Less than 3GB 6144
3GB to 1 Tbyte 8192
Greater than 1 Tbyte
or created with -T 1048576
The number of inodes can increase if the file system is expanded
with the
growfs command.
-m free The minimum percentage of free space to maintain in the file
system, between 0% and 99%, inclusively. This space is off-limits
to users. Once the file system is filled to this threshold, only
the super-user can continue writing to the file system.
The default is ((64 Mbytes/partition size) * 100), rounded down
to the nearest integer and limited between 1% and 10%,
inclusively.
This parameter can be subsequently changed using the
tunefs(8) command.
-n nrpos The number of different rotational positions in which to divide a
cylinder group. The default is
8.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is
ignored.
-o space|
time The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the
time spent allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the
space fragmentation on the disk. The default is
time.
This parameter can subsequently be changed with the
tunefs(8) command.
-r rpm The rotational speed of the disk in revolutions per minute. The
default is driver- or device-specific.
Note that you specify
rpm for
newfs and
rps for
mkfs.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is
ignored.
-s size The size of the file system in sectors. The default is to use the
entire partition.
-t ntrack The number of tracks per cylinder on the disk. The default is
taken from the disk label.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is
ignored.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
raw-device The name of a raw special device residing in the
/dev directory (for
example,
/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6) on which to create the file system.
USAGE
See
largefile(7) for the description of the behavior of
newfs when
encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Displaying the Parameters for the Raw Special Device
The following example verbosely displays the parameters for the raw
special device,
c0t0d0s6. It does not actually create a new file system:
example# newfs
-Nv /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6
mkfs
-F ufs
-o N /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6 1112940 54 15 8192 1024 16 10 60
2048 t 0 -1 8 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6: 1112940 sectors in
1374 cylinders of 15 tracks, 54 sectors 569.8MB in 86 cyl
groups (16 c/g, 6.64MB/g, 3072 i/g) super-block backups
(for fsck
-b #) at:
32, 13056, 26080, 39104, 52128, 65152, 78176, 91200, 104224, ...
Example 2: Creating a UFS File System
The following example creates a
UFS file system on a diskette that is
managed by a volume manager that makes use of the mount point
/vol.
example% newfs /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0
newfs: construct a new file system /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0: (y/n)? y
/vol/dev/aliases/floppy0: 2880 sectors in 80 cylinders of 2 tracks,
18 sectors 1.4MB in 5 cyl groups (16 c/g, 0.28MB/g, 128 i/g)
super-block backups (for fsck
-F ufs
-o b=#) at:
32, 640, 1184, 1792, 2336, ...
Example 3: Creating a UFS File System That Will Eventually Be Grown to a
Multiterabyte UFS File System
The following example creates a
UFS file system that will eventually be
grown to a multiterabyte UFS file system.
This command creates a 800-Gbyte file system on the volume,
/dev/md/rdsk/d99.
# newfs -T /dev/md/rdsk/d99
newfs: construct a new file system /dev/md/rdsk/d99: (y/n)? y
/dev/md/rdsk/d99: 1677754368 sectors in 45512 cylinders of
144 tracks, 256 sectors
819216.0MB in 1821 cyl groups (25 c/g, 450.00MB/g, 448 i/g) ...
Then, if you increase the volume size for this file system, you can use
the
growfs command to expand the file system. The file system is grown to
1.2 terabytes in this example:
# growfs -v /dev/md/rdsk/d99
/usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs -G /dev/md/rdsk/d99 2516631552 /dev/md/rdsk/d99:
2516631552 sectors in 68268 cylinders of 144 tracks, 256 sectors
1228824.0MB in 2731 cyl groups (25 c/g, 450.00MB/g, 448 i/g)...
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 The operation was successful.
1,
10 Usage error or internal error. A message is output to
STDERR explaining the error.
Other exit values may be returned by
mkfs(8), which is called by
newfs.
SEE ALSO
ufs(4FS),
attributes(7),
largefile(7),
fsck(8),
fsck_ufs(8),
fsirand(8),
mkfs(8),
mkfs_ufs(8),
tunefs(8)DIAGNOSTICS
newfs: No such file or directory The device specified does not exist, or a disk partition was not
specified.
special: cannot open You must write access to the device to use this command.
March 1, 2007
NEWFS(8)