IP(4P) Protocols IP(4P)

NAME


ip, IP - Internet Protocol

SYNOPSIS


#include <sys/socket.h>


#include <netinet/in.h>


s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, proto);


t = t_open ("/dev/rawip", O_RDWR);


DESCRIPTION


IP is the internetwork datagram delivery protocol that is central to the
Internet protocol family. Programs may use IP through higher-level
protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP), or may interface directly to IP. See tcp(4P) and
udp(4P). Direct access may be by means of the socket interface, using a
"raw socket," or by means of the Transport Level Interface (TLI). The
protocol options defined in the IP specification may be set in outgoing
datagrams.


Packets sent to or from this system may be subject to IPsec policy. See
ipsec(4P) for more information.

APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE


The STREAMS driver /dev/rawip is the TLI transport provider that provides
raw access to IP.


Raw IP sockets are connectionless and are normally used with the sendto()
and recvfrom() calls (see send(3SOCKET) and recv(3SOCKET)), although the
connect(3SOCKET) call may also be used to fix the destination for future
datagram. In this case, the read(2) or recv(3SOCKET) and write(2) or
send(3SOCKET) calls may be used. If proto is IPPROTO_RAW or IPPROTO_IGMP,
the application is expected to include a complete IP header when sending.
Otherwise, that protocol number will be set in outgoing datagrams and
used to filter incoming datagrams and an IP header will be generated and
prepended to each outgoing datagram. In either case, received datagrams
are returned with the IP header and options intact.


If an application uses IP_HDRINCL and provides the IP header contents,
the IP stack does not modify the following supplied fields under any
conditions: Type of Service, DF Flag, Protocol, and Destination Address.
The IP Options and IHL fields are set by use of IP_OPTIONS, and Total
Length is updated to include any options. Version is set to the default.
Identification is chosen by the normal IP ID selection logic. The source
address is updated if none was specified and the TTL is changed if the
packet has a broadcast destination address. Since an application cannot
send down fragments (as IP assigns the IP ID), Fragment Offset is always
0. The IP Checksum field is computed by IP. None of the data beyond the
IP header are changed, including the application-provided transport
header.


The socket options supported at the IP level are:

IP_OPTIONS
IP options for outgoing datagrams. This socket
option may be used to set IP options to be included
in each outgoing datagram. IP options to be sent
are set with setsockopt() (see
getsockopt(3SOCKET)). The getsockopt(3SOCKET) call
returns the IP options set in the last setsockopt()
call. IP options on received datagrams are visible
to user programs only using raw IP sockets. The
format of IP options given in setsockopt() matches
those defined in the IP specification with one
exception: the list of addresses for the source
routing options must include the first-hop gateway
at the beginning of the list of gateways. The
first-hop gateway address will be extracted from
the option list and the size adjusted accordingly
before use. IP options may be used with any socket
type in the Internet family.


IP_SEC_OPT
Enable or obtain IPsec security settings for this
socket. For more details on the protection services
of IPsec, see ipsec(4P).


IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
Join a multicast group.


IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP
Leave a multicast group.


IP_BOUND_IF
Limit reception and transmission of packets to
this interface. Takes an integer as an argument.
The integer is the selected interface index.


The following option takes in_pktinfo_t as the parameter:

IP_PKTINFO

Set the source address and/or transmit interface of the packet(s).
Note that the IP_BOUND_IF socket option takes precedence over the
interface index passed in IP_PKTINFO.

struct in_pktinfo {
unsigned int ipi_ifindex;/* send/recv interface index */
struct in_addr ipi_spec_dst;/* matched source addr. */
struct in_addr ipi_addr;/* src/dst addr. in IP hdr */
} in_pktinfo_t;

When passed in (on transmit) via ancillary data with IP_PKTINFO,
ipi_spec_dst is used as the source address and ipi_ifindex is used as
the interface index to send the packet out.


The following options are boolean switches controlling the reception of
ancillary data. The option value is type int; a non-zero value enables
the option whilst a zero value disables it.


IP_DONTFRAG
This option controls the behavior of IP-level
fragmentation. When this option is enabled (non-
zero), then the IP Don't Fragment (DF) flag is
always set in the IP header. At the same time, Path
MTU discovery is disabled for the given socket.
When this option is disabled, then the networking
stack will determine when to insert the DF flag in
the IP header based on the current state of Path
MTU discovery. The system default is to treat this
option as disabled, that is that Path MTU discovery
is in effect.


IP_RECVDSTADDR
When enabled on a SOCK_DGRAM socket, enables
receipt of the destination IP address of the
incoming packet. Returns inaddr_t as ancillary
data.


IP_RECVIF
Enable/disable receipt of the inbound interface
index. Returns uint_t as ancillary data.


IP_RECVOPTS
When enabled on a SOCK_DGRAM socket, enables
receipt of the IP options from the incoming packet.
Returns variable-length IP options, up to 40 bytes,
as ancillary data.


IP_RECVPKTINFO
Enable/disable receipt of the index of the
interface the packet arrived on, the local address
that was matched for reception, and the inbound
packet's actual destination address. Takes boolean
as the parameter. Returns in_pktinfo_t as
ancillary data.


IP_RECVSLLA
When enabled on a SOCK_DGRAM socket, enables
receipt of the source link-layer address for the
incoming packet. Returns struct sockaddr_dl as
ancillary data.


IP_RECVTTL
When enabled on a SOCK_DGRAM socket, the IP TTL
(time to live) field for an incoming datagram is
returned as uint8_t in ancillary data.


IP_RECVTOS
When enabled, the IP TOS (type of service) field is
returned as uint8_t in ancillary data. For
SOCK_DGRAM sockets, the ancillary data item is
included for every call to recvmsg(). For
SOCK_STREAM sockets, where there is no direct
mapping between received TCP segments and receive
operations, the ancillary data item will only be
present when this option is first enabled, and
subsequently only if the value changes.


The following options take a struct ip_mreq as the parameter. The
structure contains a multicast address which must be set to the CLASS-D
IP multicast address and an interface address. Normally the interface
address is set to INADDR_ANY which causes the kernel to choose the
interface on which to join.

IP_BLOCK_SOURCE
Block multicast packets whose source address
matches the given source address. The
specified group must be joined previously
using IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP or MCAST_JOIN_GROUP.


IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE
Unblock (begin receiving) multicast packets
which were previously blocked using
IP_BLOCK_SOURCE.


IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP
Begin receiving packets for the given
multicast group whose source address matches
the specified address.


IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP
Stop receiving packets for the given
multicast group whose source address matches
the specified address.


The following options take a struct ip_mreq_source as the parameter. The
structure contains a multicast address (which must be set to the CLASS-D
IP multicast address), an interface address, and a source address.

MCAST_JOIN_GROUP
Join a multicast group. Functionally
equivalent to IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP.


MCAST_BLOCK_SOURCE
Block multicast packets whose source address
matches the given source address. The
specified group must be joined previously
using IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP or MCAST_JOIN_GROUP.


MCAST_UNBLOCK_SOURCE
Unblock (begin receiving) multicast packets
which were previously blocked using
MCAST_BLOCK_SOURCE.


MCAST_LEAVE_GROUP
Leave a multicast group. Functionally
equivalent to IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP.


MCAST_JOIN_SOURCE_GROUP
Begin receiving packets for the given
multicast group whose source address matches
the specified address.


MCAST_LEAVE_SOURCE_GROUP
Stop receiving packets for the given
multicast group whose source address matches
the specified address.


The following options take a struct group_req or struct group_source_req
as the parameter. The `group_req structure contains an interface index
and a multicast address which must be set to the CLASS-D multicast
address. The group_source_req structure is used for those options which
include a source address. It contains an interface index, multicast
address, and source address.

IP_MULTICAST_IF
The outgoing interface for multicast packets. This
option takes a struct in_addr as an argument, and it
selects that interface for outgoing IP multicast
packets. If the address specified is INADDR_ANY, it
uses the unicast routing table to select the
outgoing interface (which is the default behavior).


IP_MULTICAST_TTL
Time to live for multicast datagrams. This option
takes an unsigned character as an argument. Its
value is the TTL that IP uses on outgoing multicast
datagrams. The default is 1.


IP_MULTICAST_LOOP
Loopback for multicast datagrams. Normally
multicast datagrams are delivered to members on the
sending host (or sending zone). Setting the unsigned
character argument to 0 causes the opposite
behavior, meaning that when multiple zones are
present, the datagrams are delivered to all zones
except the sending zone.


IP_TOS
This option takes an integer argument as its input
value. The least significant 8 bits of the value are
used to set the Type Of Service field in the IP
header of the outgoing packets.


IP_NEXTHOP
This option specifies the address of the onlink
nexthop for traffic originating from that socket. It
causes the routing table to be bypassed and outgoing
traffic is sent directly to the specified nexthop.
This option takes an ipaddr_t argument representing
the IPv4 address of the nexthop as the input value.
The IP_NEXTHOP option takes precedence over
IPOPT_LSRR. IP_BOUND_IF and SO_DONTROUTE take
precedence over IP_NEXTHOP. This option has no
meaning for broadcast and multicast packets. The
application must ensure that the specified nexthop
is alive. An application may want to specify the
IP_NEXTHOP option on a TCP listener socket only for
incoming requests to a particular IP address. In
this case, it must avoid binding the socket to
INADDR_ANY and instead must bind the listener socket
to the specific IP address. In addition, typically
the application may want the incoming and outgoing
interface to be the same. In this case, the
application must select a suitable nexthop that is
onlink and reachable via the desired interface and
do a setsockopt (IP_NEXTHOP) on it. Then it must
bind to the IP address of the desired interface.
Setting the IP_NEXTHOP option requires the
PRIV_SYS_NET_CONFIG privilege.


The multicast socket options (IP_MULTICAST_IF, IP_MULTICAST_TTL,
IP_MULTICAST_LOOP and IP_RECVIF) can be used with any datagram socket
type in the Internet family.


At the socket level, the socket option SO_DONTROUTE may be applied. This
option forces datagrams being sent to bypass routing and forwarding by
forcing the IP Time To Live field to 1, meaning that the packet will not
be forwarded by routers.


Raw IP datagrams can also be sent and received using the TLI
connectionless primitives.


Datagrams flow through the IP layer in two directions: from the network
up to user processes and from user processes down to the network. Using
this orientation, IP is layered above the network interface drivers and
below the transport protocols such as UDP and TCP. The Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP) is logically a part of IP. See icmp(4P).


IP provides for a checksum of the header part, but not the data part, of
the datagram. The checksum value is computed and set in the process of
sending datagrams and checked when receiving datagrams.


IP options in received datagrams are processed in the IP layer according
to the protocol specification. Currently recognized IP options include:
security, loose source and record route (LSRR), strict source and record
route (SSRR), record route, and internet timestamp.


By default, the IP layer will not forward IPv4 packets that are not
addressed to it. This behavior can be overridden by using routeadm(8) to
enable the ipv4-forwarding option. IPv4 forwarding is configured at boot
time based on the setting of routeadm(8)'s ipv4-forwarding option.


For backwards compatibility, IPv4 forwarding can be enabled or disabled
using ndd(8)'s ip_forwarding variable. It is set to 1 if IPv4 forwarding
is enabled, or 0 if it is disabled.


Additionally, finer-grained forwarding can be configured in IP. Each
interface can be configured to forward IP packets by setting the
IFF_ROUTER interface flag. This flag can be set and cleared using
ifconfig(8)'s router and router options. If an interface's IFF_ROUTER
flag is set, packets can be forwarded to or from the interface. If it is
clear, packets will neither be forwarded from this interface to others,
nor forwarded to this interface. Setting the ip_forwarding variable sets
all of the IPv4 interfaces' IFF_ROUTER flags.


For backwards compatibility, each interface creates an
<ifname>:ip_forwarding /dev/ip variable that can be modified using
ndd(8). An interface's :ip_forwarding ndd variable is a boolean variable
that mirrors the status of its IFF_ROUTER interface flag. It is set to 1
if the flag is set, or 0 if it is clear. This interface specific <ifname>
:ip_forwarding ndd variable is obsolete and may be removed in a future
release of Solaris. The ifconfig(8) router and -router interfaces are
preferred.


The IP layer sends an ICMP message back to the source host in many cases
when it receives a datagram that can not be handled. A "time exceeded"
ICMP message is sent if the "time to live" field in the IP header drops
to zero in the process of forwarding a datagram. A "destination
unreachable" message is sent if a datagram can not be forwarded because
there is no route to the final destination, or if it can not be
fragmented. If the datagram is addressed to the local host but is
destined for a protocol that is not supported or a port that is not in
use, a destination unreachable message is also sent. The IP layer may
send an ICMP "source quench" message if it is receiving datagrams too
quickly. ICMP messages are only sent for the first fragment of a
fragmented datagram and are never returned in response to errors in other
ICMP messages.


The IP layer supports fragmentation and reassembly. Datagrams are
fragmented on output if the datagram is larger than the maximum
transmission unit (MTU) of the network interface. Fragments of received
datagrams are dropped from the reassembly queues if the complete datagram
is not reconstructed within a short time period.


Errors in sending discovered at the network interface driver layer are
passed by IP back up to the user process.


Multi-Data Transmit allows more than one packet to be sent from the IP
module to another in a given call, thereby reducing the per-packet
processing costs. The behavior of Multi-Data Transmit can be overridden
by using ndd(8) to set the /dev/ip variable, ip_multidata_outbound to 0.
Note, the IP module will only initiate Multi-Data Transmit if the network
interface driver supports it.

PACKET EVENTS


Through the netinfo framework, this driver provides the following packet
events:

Physical in
Packets received on a network interface from an external
source.


Physical out
Packets to be sent out a network interface.


Forwarding
Packets being forwarded through this host to another
network.


loopback in
Packets that have been sent by a local application to
another.


loopback out
Packets about to be received by a local application
from another.


Currently, only a single function may be registered for each event. As a
result, if the slot for an event is already occupied by someone else, a
second attempt to register a callback fails.


To receive packet events in a kernel module, it is first necessary to
obtain a handle for either IPv4 or IPv6 traffic. This is achieved by
passing NHF_INET or NHF_INET6 through to a net_protocol_lookup() call.
The value returned from this call must then be passed into a call to
net_register_hook(), along with a description of the hook to add. For a
description of the structure passed through to the callback, please
see hook_pkt_event(9S). For IP packets, this structure is filled out as
follows:

hpe_ifp
Identifier indicating the inbound interface for packets
received with the "physical in" event.


hpe_ofp
Identifier indicating the outbound interface for packets
received with the "physical out" event.


hpe_hdr
Pointer to the start of the IP header (not the ethernet
header).


hpe_mp
Pointer to the start of the mblk_t chain containing the IP
packet.


hpe_mb
Pointer to the mblk_t with the IP header in it.


NETWORK INTERFACE EVENTS


In addition to events describing packets as they move through the system,
it is also possible to receive notification of events relating to network
interfaces. These events are all reported back through the same
callback. The list of events is as follows:

plumb
A new network interface has been instantiated.


unplumb
A network interface is no longer associated with this
protocol.


up
At least one logical interface is now ready to receive
packets.


down
There are no logical interfaces expecting to receive
packets.


address change
An address has changed on a logical interface.


SEE ALSO


read(2), write(2), socket.h(3HEAD), bind(3SOCKET), connect(3SOCKET),
getsockopt(3SOCKET), recv(3SOCKET), send(3SOCKET), setsockopt(3SOCKET),
icmp(4P), if_tcp(4P), inet(4P), ip(4P), ip6(4P), ipsec(4P), routing(4P),
tcp(4P), udp(4P), defaultrouter(5), ifconfig(8), ndd(8), routeadm(8),
net_hook_register(9F), hook_pkt_event(9S)


Braden, R., RFC 1122, Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication
Layers, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern
California, October 1989.


Postel, J., RFC 791, Internet Protocol - DARPA Internet Program Protocol
Specification, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern
California, September 1981.

DIAGNOSTICS


A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:

EACCES
A bind() operation was attempted with a "reserved" port
number and the effective user ID of the process was not
the privileged user.

Setting the IP_NEXTHOP was attempted by a process
lacking the PRIV_SYS_NET_CONFIG privilege.


EADDRINUSE
A bind() operation was attempted on a socket with a
network address/port pair that has already been bound to
another socket.


EADDRNOTAVAIL
A bind() operation was attempted for an address that is
not configured on this machine.


EINVAL
A sendmsg() operation with a non-NULL msg_accrights was
attempted.


EINVAL
A getsockopt() or setsockopt() operation with an unknown
socket option name was given.


EINVAL
A getsockopt() or setsockopt() operation was attempted
with the IP option field improperly formed; an option
field was shorter than the minimum value or longer than
the option buffer provided.


EISCONN
A connect() operation was attempted on a socket on which
a connect() operation had already been performed, and
the socket could not be successfully disconnected before
making the new connection.


EISCONN
A sendto() or sendmsg() operation specifying an address
to which the message should be sent was attempted on a
socket on which a connect() operation had already been
performed.


EMSGSIZE
A send(), sendto(), or sendmsg() operation was attempted
to send a datagram that was too large for an interface,
but was not allowed to be fragmented (such as
broadcasts).


ENETUNREACH
An attempt was made to establish a connection by means
of connect(), or to send a datagram by means of sendto()
or sendmsg(), where there was no matching entry in the
routing table; or if an ICMP "destination unreachable"
message was received.


ENOTCONN
A send() or write() operation, or a sendto() or
sendmsg() operation not specifying an address to which
the message should be sent, was attempted on a socket on
which a connect() operation had not already been
performed.


ENOBUFS
The system ran out of memory for fragmentation buffers
or other internal data structures.


ENOBUFS
SO_SNDBUF or SO_RCVBUF exceeds a system limit.


EINVAL
Invalid length for IP_OPTIONS.


EHOSTUNREACH
Invalid address for IP_MULTICAST_IF.

Invalid (offlink) nexthop address for IP_NEXTHOP.


EINVAL
Not a multicast address for IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP and
IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP.


EADDRNOTAVAIL
Bad interface address for IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP and
IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP.


EADDRINUSE
Address already joined for IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP.


ENOENT
Address not joined for IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP.


ENOPROTOOPT
Invalid socket type.


EPERM
No permissions.


NOTES


Raw sockets should receive ICMP error packets relating to the protocol;
currently such packets are simply discarded.


Users of higher-level protocols such as TCP and UDP should be able to see
received IP options.

March 10, 2023 IP(4P)