illumos: manual page: in.routed.8

IN.ROUTED(8) Maintenance Commands and Procedures IN.ROUTED(8)

NAME

in.routed, routed - network routing daemon

SYNOPSIS

/usr/sbin/in.routed [-AdghmnqsStVz] [-T tracefile [-v]]
[-F net[/mask ][,metric]] [-P params]

DESCRIPTION

The daemon in.routed, often referred to as routed, is invoked at boot
time to manage the network routing tables. It uses Routing Information
Protocol, RIPv1 (RFC 1058), RIPv2 (RFC 2453), and Internet Router
Discovery Protocol (RFC 1256) to maintain the kernel routing table. The
RIPv1 protocol is based on the reference 4.3BSD daemon.

in.routed is managed by means of the service management facility (SMF),
using the fault management resource identifier (FMRI):

svc:/network/routing/route:default

The daemon listens on a udp socket for the route service (see
services(5)) for Routing Information Protocol packets. It also sends and
receives multicast Router Discovery ICMP messages. If the host is a
router, in.routed periodically supplies copies of its routing tables to
any directly connected hosts and networks. It also advertises or solicits
default routes using Router Discovery ICMP messages.

When started (or when a network interface is later turned on), in.routed
uses an AF_ROUTE address family facility to find those directly connected
interfaces configured into the system and marked "up". It adds necessary
routes for the interfaces to the kernel routing table. Soon after being
first started, and provided there is at least one interface on which RIP
has not been disabled, in.routed deletes all pre-existing non-static
routes in the kernel table. Static routes in the kernel table are
preserved and included in RIP responses if they have a valid RIP metric
(see route(8)).

If more than one interface is present (not counting the loopback
interface), it is assumed that the host should forward packets among the
connected networks. After transmitting a RIP request and Router
Discovery Advertisements or Solicitations on a new interface, the daemon
enters a loop, listening for RIP request and response and Router
Discovery packets from other hosts.

When a request packet is received, in.routed formulates a reply based on
the information maintained in its internal tables. The response packet
generated contains a list of known routes, each marked with a "hop count"
metric (a count of 16 or greater is considered "infinite"). Advertised
metrics reflect the metric associated with an interface (see
ifconfig(8)), so setting the metric on an interface is an effective way
to steer traffic.

Responses do not include routes with a first hop on the requesting
network, to implement in part split-horizon. Requests from query programs
such as rtquery(8) are answered with the complete table.

The routing table maintained by the daemon includes space for several
gateways for each destination to speed recovery from a failing router.
RIP response packets received are used to update the routing tables,
provided they are from one of the several currently recognized gateways
or advertise a better metric than at least one of the existing gateways.

When an update is applied, in.routed records the change in its own tables
and updates the kernel routing table if the best route to the destination
changes. The change in the kernel routing table is reflected in the next
batch of response packets sent. If the next response is not scheduled for
a while, a flash update response containing only recently changed routes
is sent.

In addition to processing incoming packets, in.routed also periodically
checks the routing table entries. If an entry has not been updated for 3
minutes, the entry's metric is set to infinity and marked for deletion.
Deletions are delayed until the route has been advertised with an
infinite metric to insure the invalidation is propagated throughout the
local internet. This is a form of poison reverse.

Routes in the kernel table that are added or changed as a result of ICMP
Redirect messages are deleted after a while to minimize black-holes. When
a TCP connection suffers a timeout, the kernel tells in.routed, which
deletes all redirected routes through the gateway involved, advances the
age of all RIP routes through the gateway to allow an alternate to be
chosen, and advances of the age of any relevant Router Discovery Protocol
default routes.

Hosts acting as internetwork routers gratuitously supply their routing
tables every 30 seconds to all directly connected hosts and networks.
These RIP responses are sent to the broadcast address on nets that
support broadcasting, to the destination address on point-to-point links,
and to the router's own address on other networks. If RIPv2 is enabled,
multicast packets are sent on interfaces that support multicasting.

If no response is received on a remote interface, if there are errors
while sending responses, or if there are more errors than input or output
(see netstat(8)), then the cable or some other part of the interface is
assumed to be disconnected or broken, and routes are adjusted
appropriately.

The Internet Router Discovery Protocol is handled similarly. When the
daemon is supplying RIP routes, it also listens for Router Discovery
Solicitations and sends Advertisements. When it is quiet and listening to
other RIP routers, it sends Solicitations and listens for Advertisements.
If it receives a good Advertisement and it is not multi-homed, it stops
listening for broadcast or multicast RIP responses. It tracks several
advertising routers to speed recovery when the currently chosen router
dies. If all discovered routers disappear, the daemon resumes listening
to RIP responses. It continues listening to RIP while using Router
Discovery if multi-homed to ensure all interfaces are used.

The Router Discovery standard requires that advertisements have a default
"lifetime" of 30 minutes. That means should something happen, a client
can be without a good route for 30 minutes. It is a good idea to reduce
the default to 45 seconds using -P rdisc_interval=45 on the command line
or rdisc_interval=45 in the /etc/gateways file. See gateways(5).

While using Router Discovery (which happens by default when the system
has a single network interface and a Router Discover Advertisement is
received), there is a single default route and a variable number of
redirected host routes in the kernel table. On a host with more than one
network interface, this default route will be via only one of the
interfaces. Thus, multi-homed hosts running with -q might need the
no_rdisc argument described below.

To support "legacy" systems that can handle neither RIPv2 nor Router
Discovery, you can use the pm_rdisc parameter in the /etc/gateways. See
gateways(5).

By default, neither Router Discovery advertisements nor solicitations are
sent over point-to-point links (for example, PPP). The Solaris OE uses a
netmask of all ones (255.255.255.255) on point-to-point links.

in.routed supports the notion of "distant" passive or active gateways.
When the daemon is started, it reads the file /etc/gateways to find such
distant gateways that cannot be located using only information from a
routing socket, to discover if some of the local gateways are passive,
and to obtain other parameters. Gateways specified in this manner should
be marked passive if they are not expected to exchange routing
information, while gateways marked active should be willing to exchange
RIP packets. Routes through passive gateways are installed in the
kernel's routing tables once upon startup and are not included in
transmitted RIP responses.

Distant active gateways are treated like network interfaces. RIP
responses are sent to the distant active gateway. If no responses are
received, the associated route is deleted from the kernel table and RIP
responses are advertised via other interfaces. If the distant gateway
resumes sending RIP responses, the associated route is restored.

Distant active gateways can be useful on media that do not support
broadcasts or multicasts but otherwise act like classic shared media,
such as some ATM networks. One can list all RIP routers reachable on the
HIPPI or ATM network in /etc/gateways with a series of "host" lines. Note
that it is usually desirable to use RIPv2 in such situations to avoid
generating lists of inferred host routes.

Gateways marked external are also passive, but are not placed in the
kernel routing table, nor are they included in routing updates. The
function of external entries is to indicate that another routing process
will install such a route if necessary, and that other routes to that
destination should not be installed by in.routed. Such entries are
required only when both routers might learn of routes to the same
destination.

OPTIONS

Listed below are available options. Any other argument supplied is
interpreted as the name of a file in which the actions of in.routed
should be logged. It is better to use -T (described below) instead of
appending the name of the trace file to the command. Associated SMF
properties for these options are described, and can be set by means of a
command of the form:

# routeadm -m route:default name=value

-A

Do not ignore RIPv2 authentication if we do not care about RIPv2
authentication. This option is required for conformance with RFC
2453. However, it makes no sense and breaks using RIP as a discovery
protocol to ignore all RIPv2 packets that carry authentication when
this machine does not care about authentication. This option is
equivalent to setting the ignore_auth property value to false.

-d

Do not run in the background. This option is meant for interactive
use and is not usable under the SMF.

-F net[/mask][,metric]

Minimize routes in transmissions via interfaces with addresses that
match net (network number)/mask (netmask), and synthesizes a default
route to this machine with the metric. The intent is to reduce RIP
traffic on slow, point-to-point links, such as PPP links, by
replacing many large UDP packets of RIP information with a single,
small packet containing a "fake" default route. If metric is absent,
a value of 14 is assumed to limit the spread of the "fake" default
route. This is a dangerous feature that, when used carelessly, can
cause routing loops. Notice also that more than one interface can
match the specified network number and mask. See also -g. Use of
this option is equivalent to setting the minimize_routes property.

-g

Used on internetwork routers to offer a route to the "default"
destination. It is equivalent to -F 0/0,1 and is present mostly for
historical reasons. A better choice is -P pm_rdisc on the command
line or pm_rdisc in the /etc/gateways file. A larger metric will be
used with the latter alternatives, reducing the spread of the
potentially dangerous default route. The -g (or -P) option is
typically used on a gateway to the Internet, or on a gateway that
uses another routing protocol whose routes are not reported to other
local routers. Note that because a metric of 1 is used, this feature
is dangerous. Its use more often creates chaos with a routing loop
than solves problems. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the
offer_default_route property to true.

-h

Causes host or point-to-point routes not to be advertised, provided
there is a network route going the same direction. That is a limited
kind of aggregation. This option is useful on gateways to LANs that
have other gateway machines connected with point-to-point links such
as SLIP. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the
advertise_host_routes property to false.

-m

Cause the machine to advertise a host or point-to-point route to its
primary interface. It is useful on multi-homed machines such as NFS
servers. This option should not be used except when the cost of the
host routes it generates is justified by the popularity of the
server. It is effective only when the machine is supplying routing
information, because there is more than one interface. The -m option
overrides the -q option to the limited extent of advertising the host
route. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the
advertise_host_routes_primary property to true.

-n

Do not install routes in kernel. By default, routes are installed in
the kernel. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the
install_routes property to false.

-P params

Equivalent to adding the parameter line params to the /etc/gateways
file. Can also be set by means of the parameters property.

-q

Opposite of the -s option. This is the default when only one
interface is present. With this explicit option, the daemon is always
in "quiet mode" for RIP and does not supply routing information to
other computers. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the
quiet_mode property to true.

-s

Force in.routed to supply routing information. This is the default if
multiple network interfaces are present on which RIP or Router
Discovery have not been disabled, and if the /dev/ip ndd variable
ip_forwarding is set to 1. Use of this option is equivalent to
setting the supply_routes property to true.

-S

If in.routed is not acting as an internetwork router, instead of
entering the whole routing table in the kernel, it enters only a
default route for each internetwork router. This reduces the memory
requirements without losing any routing reliability. This option is
provided for compatibility with the previous, RIPv1-only in.routed.
Use of this option is generally discouraged. Use of this option is
equivalent to setting the default_routes_only property to true.

-t

Runs in the foreground (as with -d) and logs the contents of the
packets received (as with -zz). This is for compatibility with prior
versions of Solaris and has no SMF equivalent.

-T tracefile

Increases the debugging level to at least 1 and causes debugging
information to be appended to the trace file. Because of security
concerns, do not to run in.routed routinely with tracing directed to
a file. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the log_file
property to trace file path.

-v

Enables debug. Similar to -z, except, where -z increments
trace_level, -v sets trace_level to 1. Also, -v requires the -T
option. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the debug
property to true.

-V

Displays the version of the daemon.

-z

Increase the debugging level, which causes more information to be
logged on the tracefile specified with -T or stdout. The debugging
level can be increased or decreased with the SIGUSR1 or SIGUSR2
signals or with the rtquery(8) command.

FILES

/etc/defaultrouter
If this file is present and contains the address of
a default router, the system startup script does
not run in.routed. See defaultrouter(5).

/etc/gateways
List of distant gateways and general configuration
options for in.routed. See gateways(5).

NOTES

In keeping with its intended design, this daemon deviates from RFC 2453
in two notable ways:

o By default, in.routed does not discard authenticated RIPv2
messages when RIP authentication is not configured. There is
little to gain from dropping authenticated packets when RIPv1
listeners will gladly process them. Using the -A option causes
in.routed to conform to the RFC in this case.

o Unauthenticated RIP requests are never discarded, even when
RIP authentication is configured. Forwarding tables are not
secret and can be inferred through other means such as test
traffic. RIP is also the most common router-discovery
protocol, and hosts need to send queries that will be
answered.

in.routed does not always detect unidirectional failures in network
interfaces, for example, when the output side fails.

March 30, 2022 IN.ROUTED(8)

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

FILES

SEE ALSO

NOTES